![]() ![]() This means that the person involved should have legal capacity to give consent should be so situated as to be able to exercise free power of choice, without the intervention of any element of force, fraud, deceit, duress, over-reaching, or other ulterior form of constraint or coercion and should have sufficient knowledge and comprehension of the elements of the subject matter involved as to enable him to make an understanding and enlightened decision. The voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential. All agree, however, that certain basic principles must be observed in order to satisfy moral, ethical and legal concepts:ġ. The protagonists of the practice of human experimentation justify their views on the basis that such experiments yield results for the good of society that are unprocurable by other methods or means of study. The great weight of the evidence before us is to the effect that certain types of medical experiments on human beings, when kept within reasonably well-defined bounds, conform to the ethics of the medical profession generally. PRIMARY SOURCE PERMISSIBLE MEDICAL EXPERIMENTS ![]() ![]() Its ten enumerated principles became known as the "Nuremberg Code." Informed consent is what allows human research subjects to be active and voluntary participants rather than victims or unwilling tools of the scientific process. One of the most important outcomes of the Doctor's Trial was the portion of the verdict subtitled "Permissible Medical Experiments," which defined the concept of informed consent and marked the beginning of international jurisprudence and regulation in this aspect of biomedical research ethics. Seven defendants were acquitted, sixteen were convicted seven, including Brandt, were sentenced to be hanged. Swearingen, all Americans, lasted from December 9, 1946, to August 20, 1947. The court found that the Nazi government had instituted a clear policy of performing cruel and unnecessarily painful experiments of dubious scientific merit on non-consenting prisoners, mostly Poles, Jews, Gypsies, homosexuals, and the handicapped. The most notorious offender, Josef Mengele of Auschwitz, escaped and was never brought to trial. Twenty-three physicians, including Karl Brandt, Adolf Hitler's personal physician, were charged as defendants at Nuremberg. However, until the verdict was handed down in the Nuremberg "Doctor's Trial," the specific rights of human subjects of modern biomedical research were not codified. By extension, bioscientists must always put the needs and welfare of human research subjects first. Beneficence entails that physicians must always put the needs and welfare of patients first. Since ancient times, beneficence has been a key principle of the medical profession, enshrined in the Hippocratic Oath and subsequent codes of medical ethics. Among the defendants were physicians who had either ordered or performed the torture or murder of prisoners in numerous Nazi concentration and death camps. These trials sought to bring to justice those responsible for the atrocities of the Holocaust. 181-183.Ībout the Author: After World War II (1939–1945), the Allied nations established a series of International Military Tribunals, mostly at Nuremberg, Germany, to try several high-ranking Nazis as war criminals. ("Doctors Trial"), contained in Trials of War Criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law No. Source: Excerpt of the verdict in the case of U.S.A. Nuremberg Code Establishes the Principle of Informed Consent ![]()
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